G: Here are some fundamental fixed
numbers in physics:
- Speed of Light (c): ( 299,792,458 ) meters per
second (in a vacuum).
- Absolute Zero: ( 0 ) Kelvin or ( -273.15^\circ )
Celsius, the lowest possible temperature.
- Gravitational Constant (G): ( 6.67430 \times
10^{-11} ) m(^3) kg(^{-1}) s(^{-2}).
- Planck's Constant (h): ( 6.62607015 \times 10^{-34}
) Joule-seconds.
- Elementary Charge (e): ( 1.602176634 \times
10^{-19} ) Coulombs.
- Boltzmann Constant (k(_B)): ( 1.380649 \times
10^{-23} ) Joules per Kelvin.
- Avogadro's Number (N(_A)): ( 6.02214076 \times
10^{23} ) entities per mole.
- Electron Rest Mass (m(_e)): ( 9.10938356 \times
10^{-31} ) kilograms.
- Proton Rest Mass (m(_p)): ( 1.67262192369 \times
10^{-27} ) kilograms.
- Fine-Structure Constant (α): Approximately ( 1/137
), dimensionless.
These constants are essential for defining the laws of physics and
remain unchanged across all experiments and observations.